2017年考研英语阅读理解:广告业是美国经济的晴雨表
WhenRupert Murdoch sees beams of light in the American advertising market, it isnot necessarily time to reach for the sunglasses. Last October, when the impactof September 11th was only beginning to tell, the boss of NewsCorp, a mediagroup, had already identified “strong rays of sunshine”. With ad sales still languishing, Mr. Murdoch declared last month that “there are some hints of a modestupswing in the U.S. advertising markets.” His early optimism turned out tobe misplaced. Now, however, other industry observers are beginning to agreewith him.
Advertisingusually exaggerates the economic cycle: falling sharply and early in adownturn, and rebounding strongly once the economy has begun to recover. Thisis because most managers prefer to trim their ad budgets rather than theirpayrolls, and restore such spending only once they feel sure that things arelooking up. Last year, America's ad market shrank by 9.8%, according to CMR, aresearch firm. Although ad spending has not yet recovered across all media,some analysts now expect overall ad spending to start to grow in the thirdquarter.
The signsof improvement are patchy, however. Ad spending on radio and television seemsto be inching up—advertising on American national radio was up 2% in January on the sameperiod last year, according to Aegis—while spending on magazines andnewspapers is still weak. Even within any one market, there are hugedifferences; just pick up a copy of one of the now-slimline high-tech magazinesthat once bulged with ads, and compare it with the hefty celebrity or women'stitles. Advertisers in some categories, such as the travel industry, are stillreluctant to buy space or airtime, while others, such as the car and moviebusinesses, have been bolder. The winter Olympics, held last month in Salt LakeCity, has also distorted the spending on broadcast advertising in the firstquarter.
Nonetheless,there is an underlying pattern. One measure is the booking of ad spots fornational brands on local television. By early March, according to Mr.Westerfield's analysis, such bookings were growing fast across eight out of thetop ten advertising sectors, led by the financial and motor industries. UBSWarburg now expects the “upfront” market, which starts in May when advertisers book advance ad spots onthe TV networks for the new season in September, to be up 4% on last year. Onsome estimates, even online advertising could pick up by the end of the year.[419 words]
11. Whatdoes the author mean by “it is not necessarily time to reach for the sun glasses” (Para.1)?
[A] The sunshine is not terriblystrong.
[B] It is not good time to developadvertising.
[C] There is no need to worry abouteconomy now.
[D] The real economic recovery hasyet to take place.
12. Mr.Murdoch's early market estimation seems to be_________ .
[A] exaggerating the situation
[B] being too cautious
[C] underestimating thedevelopment
[D] probably describing the reality
13. Whichof the following is true according to the text?
[A] Advertising is a sensitive markerof economic change.
[B] Managers will first cut salaryduring economic downturn.
[C] CMR was wrong about last year'sU.S. ad market.
[D] Advertising spending has startedoveral growing.
14. Signsof improvement are visible in the advertising of______.
[A] high-tech magazines and sportsindustry
[B] celebrity magazines and travelindustry
[C] women's magazines and carindustry
[D] movie industry and high-techmagazines
15. Whatis the author's view of the prospect of U.S. advertising market?
[A] Recovery will be slow but sure.
[B] There will be a big jump.
[C] Patchy improvement will occur.
[D] The situation will remainpessimistic.
核心词汇
inch n. 英寸(长度单位,等于2.54厘米) vt.&vi. to move very slowlyin a particular direction, or make sth. do this(使朝某方向)谨慎移动例:I started inching forward alongthe ledge towards the open window. 我沿着窗台缓慢挪向开着的窗子。
misplaced a.①放错地方的;(因记不起放在何处而)丢失的 *②(情感等)错置的;不适宜的例:misplaced confidence/optimism/fear不应有的信心/乐观精神/恐惧;mis?前缀,表示“不好的;错误的”,如 misunderstand误解,misconception错误观念
patchy a.①补缀的,多补丁的②零散的,分布不均的例:patchy fog零星的雾 *③不完整的,不全面的;拼凑的例:My knowledge of science is patchy.我的科学知识只是一鳞半爪。
spot n. [C]①(圆)点;污渍,斑痕例:spots of paints on the carpet地毯上的油漆斑②(尤指休闲的)地点,场所例:Spain is our favorite holidayspot. 西班牙是我们喜欢的度假地点。*③广告插播例:a 30?second spot on the local radiostation 地方广播台插播的30秒广告
vt. ① to notice sth., especially sth. that is difficult to see, or that youare looking for 看出,认出例:Luckily, theenemy planes were spotted early.幸亏及早发现了敌机。② to recognize the good or bad qualities in sb. or sth. 发现(特性)例:You must learn to spot troubleahead and prevent it.你一定要学会预先发现问题并加以防止。
a.现货(即期)的;现付的例:They won?t take credit; they want spotcash.他们不赊账,他们要现钱。
title n.[C]①(书籍、图画、戏剧等的)题目 *②一本书例:His novel was one of last year?s best?selling titles.他的小说是去年的畅销书之一。③(用在人名前,表明地位或职业的)头衔,称号(如Sir,Mrs.,Dr);(工作的)职位例:She has a title. 她有贵族头衔。/ It?s an interactive feature that letsvisitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary... 其特点是互动性,这样访问者可键入一些工作要求的关键词,如:地点、职位和薪水等……(2004考研阅读Text 1)
超纲词汇
bulge v./n. ①凸出,鼓胀 *②充满,塞满(后跟介词with)例:His pocket was bulging withapples.他的口袋鼓鼓囊囊装满了苹果。
hefty a.* ①很重的②异常大的,多的例:a hefty majority压倒多数
languish v. ①(植物等)凋萎 *②失去活力,衰退
payroll n. ①[C]在职人员工资表例:be on/off the payroll被雇佣/解雇②[用单数](公司)工资发放总额
slimline a. *①式样小巧的;薄型的②低糖的
长难句分析
UBS Warburg nowexpects the “upfront” market, which starts in May when advertisers book advance ad spots onthe TV networks for the new season in September, to be up 4% on last year.
该句主干是UBSWarburg now expects the “upfront” market... to be up 4% on last year。which引导非限定性定语从句,修饰名词market;在which引导的定语从句中,主干是which starts in May, when 引导的是定语从句,表时间,相当于in which advertisers... ,修饰May。
语篇分析
本文题材涉及广告经济。作者首先肯定了美国广告业的复苏,接着补充指出这种复苏的不平衡性以及存在的潜在模式。这是一篇观点论证型文章,按照“提出观点—论证观点—补充观点”的方式展开论述,可分为三大部分。
第一段为第一部分,提出观点:美国广告业即将复苏。
介绍新闻集团老总RupertMurdoch对广告业状况的看法的转变:从去年认为是全面复苏(strong rays of sunshine),到最近认为只是中度复苏(a modest upswing)。该段用了一个比喻,把广告业的复苏比作阳光。最后两句通过评论Rupert Murdoch的观点,即,去年他的看法过于乐观,但现在业内观察家认同他的`观点,从而引出作者的观点:现在美国广告业确实正在复苏。
第二段为第二部分,论证观点:美国广告业的复苏符合经济规律。
先论述一条经济规律:广告业是反映经济变化的灵敏标志(exaggerate the economic cycle),并分析其深层次的原因是:企业主在经济低迷期首先削减广告开支(trim their ad budgets),在经济复苏期马上增加广告投入。最后两句利用以上经济规律分析现状,从而得出结论:去年经济低迷,广告市场萎缩;今年经济复苏,广告业预计会全面复苏。
第三、四段为第三部分,补充观点:美国广告业的复苏是不平衡的。
第三段:首句以however为标志,对上文观点进行了轻微的转折,指出广告业务的好转并不平衡(The signs of improvement arepatchy)。接着该段举例说明这种不平衡的两种表现形式:①行业之间的不平衡,如:广播和电视行业的广告增长比杂志和报纸行业高。②同一行业内部的不平衡(huge difference),如:高科技杂志的广告比名人或妇女杂志少;旅游栏目不如汽车和电影栏目受广告商青睐;运动赛事促进广告增多。
第四段:指出不平衡中存在的潜在模式(underlying pattern):①地方电台全国名牌的广告位的预定(the booking of ad spots for national brandson local television)迅速增长。段中引用专家(Mr. Westerfield)的分析和瑞银华宝(UBS Warburg)的预测对这种潜在模式进行了解释说明。②网络广告将增加。
试题命制分析
通过对文章的整体分析,我们可以从以下几个方面命题,考查考生的阅读理解能力。
1. 事实细节题
(1) 针对为什么广告业能够灵敏地反映经济变化,可以考查因果细节题。
(2) 第二段细节较多,可以综合考查,参见试题13。
(3) 全文围绕广告业展开,可以综合考查,如:下面哪一项正确?[A]广告业是经济发展的关键;[B]广告业是经济变化的晴雨表;[C]广告业在各个行业中发展不均衡;[D]地方电视台的广告业发展得更好。(答案:[B])
(4) 针对广告业好转的不平衡性,可以考查不同行业或同一行业里的例证,参见试题14。
(5) 针对最后一段,考查广告市场的潜在模式是什么。
2. 推理引申题
(1) 针对第一段最后两句His early optimism... beginning to agree with him,可以考查推理两句话的潜在含义,参见试题12。也可以针对“早期的乐观”出题,如:early optimism指Rupert Murdoch估计。[A]广告经济全面复苏;[B] 9.11事件的影响减弱;[C]媒体经济发展前景光明;[D]业内人士赞同他的观点。(答案:[A])
(2)可以考查第二段最后两句的潜在含义,如:从第二段最后两句可以推知什么?[A]经济分析家与调查公司意见产生分歧;[B]今年美国经济较去年有所增长;[C]企业主已经大量增加广告开支;[D]分析家忽视经济发展的一般规律。(答案:[B])
3. 作者态度题
纵观全文,考查作者是怎样看待广告行业的前景的,参见试题15。又如:[A]肯定的;[B]否定的;[C]中立的;[D]复杂的。(答案:[A])
4. 词义句意题
针对第一段的比喻论证,可以考查短语beams of light和strong rays of sunshine以及句子It is not necessarily time to reach for the sunglasses在文中的具体含义,参见试题11。
试题精解
11. 作者说it is not necessarily time toreach for the sun glasses的含义是____。
[A]阳光不是特别强烈[B]发展广告业还不是好时候
[C]现在没有必要担忧经济[D]真正的经济复苏还没有开始
[精解]答案D本题考查句子含义。下文提到,默多克先生宣布“美国广告市场有中度复苏的迹象”。由此可知,第一句话实际上是一个暗喻:当鲁珀特•默多克看到美国广告市场上的光芒时(比喻市场有了些许复苏的迹象),拿太阳镜还为时过早(比喻广告市场还没有全面复苏)。[D]项正确揭示了这层意思,是正确答案。
12. 默多克先生对市场先前的估计现在看来____。
[A]夸张了情况[B]过于谨慎
[C]低估了发展[D]可能描述了真实的情况
[精解]答案D本题考查推理引申。由第一段可知,去年十月,这位新闻集团的老总就已经认为是“强烈的阳光”(即广告市场开始真正复苏了)。但随着广告销售的衰退,他于上个月宣布只是“中度复苏的迹象”。该段最后两句提到,他先前的乐观看来是错了,然而,现在其他业内观察员却开始认同他的观点。可见,他的预测符合现在的真实情况。[D]项正确。
13. 根据文章,下面哪个选项是正确?
[A]广告业是经济变化的敏感标志。
[B]在经济低迷时期企业主会首先减薪。
[C] CMR对去年美国广告市场作出了错误判断。
[D]广告开支已经开始全面增长。
[精解]答案A本题考查第二段的事实细节。该段第一句指出,广告业的行情通常放大这样的经济规律:广告业在经济不景气的初期就明显下降,一旦经济开始复苏就迅猛回升。因此可推出[A]项正确。该段第二句分析其原因:经济不景气时,绝大多数企业主宁愿先削减广告开支而不愿意先减薪。由此排除[B]项。第三句提到CMR对美国广告市场的调查结果,但没有说明它的判断准确与否,因此排除[C]项。最后一句提到,分析家预测第三季度广告费会全面上升,因此[D]项错在“已经开始”。
14. 广告业务看涨的领域是_____。
[A]高技术杂志和体育产业[B]名人杂志和旅游业
[C]妇女杂志和汽车工业[D]电影行业和高科技杂志
[精解]答案C本题考查事实细节。第三段第三句提到,即使在同一个行业里,(广告业务增长的情况)也会有巨大的差异。接着,该句将“高科技杂志”与“名人或妇女杂志”相比,指出前者曾经充斥着各种广告而现在却很薄,由此可推知,高科技杂志的广告少,妇女杂志的广告多,排除[A]和[D]项。该段第四句话提到,广告主对旅游栏目舍不得花钱,但对汽车和电影这样的栏目却从不犹豫。因此可排除[B]项。正确答案是[C]项。
15. 作者对美国广告市场前景的看法是什么?
[A]虽然缓慢但肯定会复苏。[B]将会有一个较大的增长。
[C]将会出现局部增长。[D]情况将会持续悲观。
[精解]答案A本题考查作者观点。作者通篇以客观的口吻陈述美国广告市场行情的变化。9•11事件以后经济形势一直低迷,广告市场也一片惨淡。但是近来广告市场显示了复苏的微弱迹象:第二段倒数第二句话,“尽管根据调查去年广告市场萎缩了9.8%,但专家预测今年第三季度广告开支会有所增长。”第三段主要谈广告市场行情回升的不均匀性,有的领域形势很好,有的领域如旅游业广告仍然不景气。最后一段的例子说明电视、网络等媒体上的广告订单开始增加。总体看来,可见作者认为广告业在慢慢恢复。因此答案为[A]项。
全文翻译
当鲁珀特•默多克看到美国广告市场上反弹的光芒时,那光线还不够刺眼(戴太阳镜还为时过早)。去年十月,当9•11事件的影响刚刚开始显现出来时,这位新闻集团的老总就已经认为是“强烈的阳光”了。随着广告销售的衰退,鲁珀特•默多克先生上个月宣布“美国广告市场有中度复苏的迹象”。他先前看来是过于乐观了。然而,现在其他业内观察员却开始认同他的观点。
广告业的行情通常放大这样的经济周期:广告业在经济不景气的初期就明显下滑,一旦经济开始复苏就立刻反弹。这是因为经济不景气时,绝大多数企业主都宁愿削减广告开支而不愿意减薪,一旦感觉到经济形势有所回升他们就立刻又重新投入这些广告费用。根据美兰德媒体调查显示,去年美国的广告市场萎缩了9.8%。虽然广告费用的上升还没有在所有媒体中体现出来,但根据一些分析家的预测,今年第三季度广告费会全面上升。
然而,这些好转的迹象并不平衡。广播和电视广告费似乎在缓慢地上升——根据安吉斯的报道,美国国家广播的广告收入在一月份比去年同期上涨了2%——而报刊杂志的广告费依然很少。当然,即使在同一个行业里,也会有巨大的差异。比如拿一本曾经充斥着各种广告而现在显得很小巧的高科技杂志,与名人或女性娱乐杂志相比。广告主仍然不愿意在有些栏目如旅游栏目中买断版面或播放时间,而对汽车和电影这样的栏目却从不犹豫。上个月在盐湖城举办的冬奥会,也使第一季度的广播广告投资出现了异常的增多。
然而,这里存在着潜在的市场变化。表现之一是预定地方电视台的广告位宣传国家品牌。根据威斯特弗尔德先生的分析,三月初,前十名广告时段中有八个时段里这种预定在迅速增长,以金融和汽车业投资最多。瑞银华宝现在寄希望于“前瞻”市场,它会在5月启动,那时广告主们为九月份开始的新季度预订广告栏目,预计比去年增长4%。根据一些预测,网络广告到年底也会有起色。